English topics \english\

В В В В В В В В В В В В В В В Topic N1 "The British Parliament"

The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. ItВ originated

in th 12th century as Witenagemot, the body ofВ wiseВ councellers

whom the King needed to consult pursuing his policy. TheВ British

Parliament consists of theВ HouseВ ofВ LordsВ andВ theВ HouseВ of

Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the

major role in law-making. It consists ofВ MembersВ ofВ Parliament

(called MPs for short).В EachВ ofВ themВ representsВ anВ areaВ in

England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. MPs are elected either at a

general election or atВ aВ by-electionВ followingВ theВ deathВ or

retirement. Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it

is the Prime MinisterВ whoВ decidesВ onВ the В exactВ dayВ ofВ the

election. The minimum voting age is 18. And the votingВ isВ taken

by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks,В The

British parliamentary system depends on politicalsВ parties.В The

party which wins the majority of seats formsВ theВ govermentВ and

its leader usually becomes PrimeВ Minister.В TheВ PrimeВ Minister

chooses about 20 MPs from his partyВ toВ becomeВ theВ cabinetВ of

ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular areaВ in

the goverment. The secondВ largestВ partyВ becomesВ theВ official

opposition with its own leader and "shadow cabinet".В TheВ leader

of the opposition is a recognized post in the HouseВ ofВ Commons.

The parliament andВ theВ monarchВ haveВ differentВ rolesВ inВ the

goverment and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such

as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of theВ parliament.

In reality, the House of Commons is the one ofВ threeВ whichВ has

true power. The House of Commons is made up ofВ sixВ hundredВ and

fifty elected members, it is presidedВ overВ byВ theВ speaker,В a

member acceptable to the whole house. MPs sit on two sides of the

hall, one side for the governing partyВ andВ theВ otherВ forВ the

opposition. The first 2 rows of seats are occupied by the leading

members of both parties (called "front benches") The back benches

belong to the rank-and-life MPs. Each sessionВ ofВ theВ HouseВ of

Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Parliament hasВ intervalsВ during

his work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work andВ haveВ to

attend the sittings. As mention above, the House of Commons plays

the major role in law making. The procedure is theВ following:В a

proposed law ("a bill") has to go through three stagesВ inВ order

to become an act of parliament, these are called "readings".В The

first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the

proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of

the bill, it is examination by parliamentaryВ committy.В AndВ the

third reading is a report stage, when the work of the committy is

reported on to the house. ThisВ isВ usuallyВ theВ mostВ important

stage in the process. When the bill passes through theВ HouseВ of

Commons, it is sent to the House of LordsВ forВ discussion,В when

the Lords agree it, the bill is takenВ toВ theВ QueenВ forВ royal

assent, when the Queen sings the bill,В itВ becomesВ actВ ofВ the

Parliament and the Law of the Land. The House of LordsВ hasВ more

than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in

the work in the house.В MembersВ ofВ thisВ UpperВ HouseВ areВ not

elected, they sit there because of their rank,В theВ chairmanВ of

the House of Lords is the LordВ Chancellor.В AndВ heВ sitsВ onВ a

special seat, called "WoolSack" The members of the House of Lords

debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons.

Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two

houses is reached by negotiations.

A*.FRM*.MAC

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